Event Program: 

Sunday

Practice 9.00am – 12.30pm

Race Starts  1.00 pm – 4.00 pm

Prize Presentations 4.30pm

Race categories – No license required to race

 

Categories

• Hardtail age - 13+
• Ripper Age 10-12
• Juvenile Age 13-14
• Youth – Age 15-16
• Junior – Age 17-18
• Senior – Age 19-29
• Master – Age 30-39
• Veteran – Age 40+
• Grand Veteran 50+
• Women - under 18
• Women - Senior 19-29
• Women Master 30+
• Pro Am

Registration: You can collect your number board on Saturday afternoon from camping field to save time or on Sunday morning. 

You must sign on and collect your number board before 10am on Sunday.
Full Face Helmets must be worn and done up for practice & racing on the track.

2023 Race Schedule: 

Saturday – The forest is open as normal and you must follow the local rules & fees.

The course will be marked out on Saturday and there will be registration during Saturday evening. At  Worcester Lodge

Saturday is not part of the event so there are no marshals or medics on the track.Ride at your own risk. 

 

Race day with official Practice and race with Marshals & Medics on the race track. 

Sunday – Race Day

Registration 8.30am to 10.30am You must sign on and register before riding the track.

4.30pm approx Podiums Top 3 in each category

Entry procedure,  Enter via the British Cycling website.

You do not need a race licence.

Race Regulations: The event will run under BC Regulations and Penalties.

Please make sure you aware of the rules. A course inspection will performed before the start of practice with the Chief BC Commissaire and any recommendations will be implemented.

The course will be covered by marshals. They will have red and yellow flags, radio communications and be briefed each morning.
 

We recommend that all riders and especially Juvenile and Youth age riders must wear the following body armour: Full Spine Elbow pads Knee pads.

 

Behavior - Anti-social behaviour, vandalsim, riding mini-bikes, motorbikes, driving recklessly at the event (Disqualified). Acts of violence, intimidation or vandalism will receive a lifetime ban. Under suspicion of theft, the police will be called and you will be detained until their arrival

Race Timing: Race Timing will be carried out by MIJ Timing Services.

Results will be posted in the main arena on completion of each event and online by Monday 12:00 after the event.  

Medical: Paramedic Medical Cover will be provided on course and from an identifiable Base Station in the event arena. 

PA System: A full Public Announcement Facility will be on site with announcements throughout the day. A Notice Board will also be on display in the Race Office/Rider Registration area for displaying information regarding the event.

Catering: Mobile catering will be on site. 

Toilets & Showers: portable toilets will be provided

Parking - Important Info

Parking and camping will be at Worcester Lodge

Refunds and Transfers:

If you wish to cancel a booking please note the following cancellation conditions:

• 7 days plus notice - Full refund less British Cycling admin fee.
• 7 days or less, no refund or transfer.
• Please note you can not swap your entry with another rider.
• The above policies are not dependant on circumstances and are final.

Please email mijracing@hotmail.com please note we will not deal with any cancellations over the phone, by text or  Facebook. Inform us of your full name, category racing and which race we are dealing with.

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Female Junior - Results
1.	Layla Begley-Tracey		Finished	Youth	40
1.  Layla Begley-Tracey - Points: 40 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
2.	Ellie Gunnell		Finished		0
2.  Ellie Gunnell - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
3.	Lucienne Turner		Finished	Juvenile	30
3.  Lucienne Turner - Points: 30 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
4.	Ruby Edwards		Finished	Junior	0
4.  Ruby Edwards - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Junior
5.	Daisy Jackson		Finished		0
5.  Daisy Jackson - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
6.	Imogen Wood	Stafford Road Club	Finished	Juvenile	20
6.  Imogen Wood - Stafford Road Club Points: 20 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Female Senior - Results
1.	Mary Lynes		Finished	Senior	40
1.  Mary Lynes - Points: 40 | Status: Finished | Category: Senior

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Grand Veteran - Results
1.	Ian Bray		Finished		0
1.  Ian Bray - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
2.	Paul Austin		Finished	N/A	0
2.  Paul Austin - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Hardtail - Results
1.	Tricky Moore		Finished		0
1.  Tricky Moore - Points: 0 | Status: Finished

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Junior - Results
1.	Ollie Sinden		Finished	Junior	40
1.  Ollie Sinden - Points: 40 | Status: Finished | Category: Junior
2.	Will Maybury		Finished		0
2.  Will Maybury - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
3.	Harry Simpson	Pearce Cycles RT	Finished	Junior	30
3.  Harry Simpson - Pearce Cycles RT Points: 30 | Status: Finished | Category: Junior
4.	Jack Bristow		Finished	Juvenile	0
4.  Jack Bristow - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
5.	Liam Watts		Finished	N/A	0
5.  Liam Watts - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
6.	Oscar Beighton		Finished	Junior	20
6.  Oscar Beighton - Points: 20 | Status: Finished | Category: Junior
7.	Josh Cox		Finished		0
7.  Josh Cox - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
8.	stanley lowe		Finished		0
8.  stanley lowe - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
9.	Mason Legge		Finished	Junior	14
9.  Mason Legge - Points: 14 | Status: Finished | Category: Junior
10.	Kian McNally		Finished	Junior	12
10.  Kian McNally - Points: 12 | Status: Finished | Category: Junior
11.	Stefan Sieracki		Finished	Junior	0
11.  Stefan Sieracki - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Junior

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Juvenile - Results
1.	Cooper Cassells		Finished	Juvenile	40
1.  Cooper Cassells - Points: 40 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
2.	Reed Darley		Finished	Juvenile	34
2.  Reed Darley - Points: 34 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
3.	Elliott Potter	Redditch Premiers BMX Club	Finished	Juvenile	30
3.  Elliott Potter - Redditch Premiers BMX Club Points: 30 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
4.	Logan Jiles		Finished		0
4.  Logan Jiles - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
5.	Samuel Jordan		Finished		0
5.  Samuel Jordan - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
6.	Lewis Lansdowne		Finished	Juvenile	20
6.  Lewis Lansdowne - Points: 20 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
7.	Ewan Kelman-McCarthy		Finished	Juvenile	18
7.  Ewan Kelman-McCarthy - Points: 18 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
8.	Will Hatch		Finished	Juvenile	16
8.  Will Hatch - Points: 16 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
9.	Logan McMahon		Finished	Juvenile	14
9.  Logan McMahon - Points: 14 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
10.	Austin Trowbridge		Finished	Juvenile	12
10.  Austin Trowbridge - Points: 12 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
11.	Charlie Silvester		Finished		0
11.  Charlie Silvester - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
12.	Tom Drake		Finished		0
12.  Tom Drake - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
13.	Lucas Kent	Malvern Cycle Sport	Finished	Juvenile	8
13.  Lucas Kent - Malvern Cycle Sport Points: 8 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
14.	Freddie Giles		Finished		0
14.  Freddie Giles - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
15.	Franklin Attwood	Malvern Cycle Sport	Finished	N/A	0
15.  Franklin Attwood - Malvern Cycle Sport Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
16.	Fletcher Park		Finished		0
16.  Fletcher Park - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
17.	Henry Bishop		Finished		0
17.  Henry Bishop - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
18.	Seb Dabek		Finished		0
18.  Seb Dabek - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
19.	Henry Mansfield		Finished	Juvenile	2
19.  Henry Mansfield - Points: 2 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
20.	Henry Price	Team V-Sprint Racing	Finished	Juvenile	1
20.  Henry Price - Team V-Sprint Racing Points: 1 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
21.	Heath Butler		Finished		0
21.  Heath Butler - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
22.	Jamie Garey		Finished		0
22.  Jamie Garey - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
23.	Nico Crump		Finished	Juvenile	0
23.  Nico Crump - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
24.	James Gill		Finished		0
24.  James Gill - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
25.	Zac Elsey		Finished		0
25.  Zac Elsey - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
26.	Jeffrey Baker		Finished		0
26.  Jeffrey Baker - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
27.	Oscar Monckton		Finished	Youth	0
27.  Oscar Monckton - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
28.	Jacob Munday		Finished		0
28.  Jacob Munday - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
29.	Caleb Reid		Finished		0
29.  Caleb Reid - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
30.	Douglas Carr		Finished		0
30.  Douglas Carr - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
31.	Daniel Pavlikovsky		Finished		0
31.  Daniel Pavlikovsky - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
32.	Rory Buckley		Finished	Juvenile	0
32.  Rory Buckley - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
33.	Saxon Jones		Finished		0
33.  Saxon Jones - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
34.	Rhys Cooke	North Devon Velo	Finished	Youth	0
34.  Rhys Cooke - North Devon Velo Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
35.	Jonah Worthington	Malvern Cycle Sport	Finished	N/A	0
35.  Jonah Worthington - Malvern Cycle Sport Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
36.	Isaac Smith		Finished		0
36.  Isaac Smith - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
37.	Jake Thornton		Finished		0
37.  Jake Thornton - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
38.	Stanley Currie		Finished	Juvenile	0
38.  Stanley Currie - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
39.	Sam Duke		Finished		0
39.  Sam Duke - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
40.	Will Perrott		Finished		0
40.  Will Perrott - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
41.	Oliver Jones-Elliott		Finished	N/A	0
41.  Oliver Jones-Elliott - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
42.	Aidy Kelsall		Finished		0
42.  Aidy Kelsall - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
43.	Jacob Smitham		Finished		0
43.  Jacob Smitham - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
44.	Owen Stephens		Finished		0
44.  Owen Stephens - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
45.	Otis Keith		Finished		0
45.  Otis Keith - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
46.	William Jenkins		Finished		0
46.  William Jenkins - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
47.	Lucas Groves		Finished		0
47.  Lucas Groves - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
48.	Ollie Wass		Finished		0
48.  Ollie Wass - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
49.	Ioan Davies		Finished		0
49.  Ioan Davies - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
50.	Noah Kilbride		Finished		0
50.  Noah Kilbride - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
51.	Evan Mason		Finished		0
51.  Evan Mason - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
52.	Sebastian Griffiths		Finished		0
52.  Sebastian Griffiths - Points: 0 | Status: Finished

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Master - Results
1.	Tomasz Michalka	Gravity Revolt 2017	Finished	Senior	0
1.  Tomasz Michalka - Gravity Revolt 2017 Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Senior
2.	Sam Copp		Finished		0
2.  Sam Copp - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
3.	Kieren Evans		Finished		0
3.  Kieren Evans - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
4.	Sam Crockett		Finished	N/A	0
4.  Sam Crockett - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
5.	Peter Long		Finished	Master	0
5.  Peter Long - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Master
6.	Sam Hunt		Finished		0
6.  Sam Hunt - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
7.	Sean Chidgey		Finished	N/A	0
7.  Sean Chidgey - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
8.	Adam Pain		Finished		0
8.  Adam Pain - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
9.	Dominic Wood		Finished		0
9.  Dominic Wood - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
10.	Jared Singleton		Finished		0
10.  Jared Singleton - Points: 0 | Status: Finished

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Pro Am - Results
1.	Ben Deakin		Finished		0
1.  Ben Deakin - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
2.	Kieran Calver		Finished	Expert	34
2.  Kieran Calver - Points: 34 | Status: Finished | Category: Expert

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Rippers - Results
1.	Bobby Tyler		Finished		0
1.  Bobby Tyler - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
2.	Harry Blayney		Finished	Juvenile	0
2.  Harry Blayney - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Juvenile
3.	Jayden Rees		Finished		0
3.  Jayden Rees - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
4.	Jack Streatfield		Finished		0
4.  Jack Streatfield - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
5.	James Ohare		Finished		0
5.  James Ohare - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
6.	Henry Kirby		Finished		0
6.  Henry Kirby - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
7.	Jack O’Donnell		Finished	N/A	0
7.  Jack O’Donnell - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
8.	Hugo Burleigh		Finished		0
8.  Hugo Burleigh - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
9.	Henry Morris		Finished	N/A	0
9.  Henry Morris - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
10.	James Webber		Finished	N/A	0
10.  James Webber - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
11.	Riley Nixon		Finished		0
11.  Riley Nixon - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
12.	William Strong		Finished	N/A	0
12.  William Strong - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
13.	Ieuan Cardy		Finished	N/A	0
13.  Ieuan Cardy - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
14.	Bailey Robinson		Finished		0
14.  Bailey Robinson - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
15.	Will Darley		Finished		0
15.  Will Darley - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
16.	Rowan Sanderson	Chesterfield BMX Club	Finished		0
16.  Rowan Sanderson - Chesterfield BMX Club Points: 0 | Status: Finished
17.	Max Lane		Finished		0
17.  Max Lane - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
18.	Jasper McKenzie		Finished		0
18.  Jasper McKenzie - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
19.	Charlie Bowden		Finished		0
19.  Charlie Bowden - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
20.	Toby Carpenter		Finished	N/A	0
20.  Toby Carpenter - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
21.	Freddie Haighway		Finished	N/A	0
21.  Freddie Haighway - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
22.	Lucas Jenkins		Finished		0
22.  Lucas Jenkins - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
23.	Oliver Roberts		Finished		0
23.  Oliver Roberts - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
24.	Jaden Allford		Finished		0
24.  Jaden Allford - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
25.	Oliver Walshaw		Finished		0
25.  Oliver Walshaw - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
26.	Elliot Freed		Finished		0
26.  Elliot Freed - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
27.	Reece Ward		Finished	N/A	0
27.  Reece Ward - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Rippers female - Results
1.	Conney Perry		Finished		0
1.  Conney Perry - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
2.	Aubree Roberts		Finished		0
2.  Aubree Roberts - Points: 0 | Status: Finished

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Senior - Results
1.	Cameron Murrells		Finished	N/A	0
1.  Cameron Murrells - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
2.	Harrison Parker		Finished	Senior	34
2.  Harrison Parker - Points: 34 | Status: Finished | Category: Senior
3.	Jamie Harris		Finished	Senior	30
3.  Jamie Harris - Points: 30 | Status: Finished | Category: Senior
4.	Harvey Curtis		Finished	N/A	0
4.  Harvey Curtis - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
5.	Ben Holifield		Finished	N/A	0
5.  Ben Holifield - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
6.	Joe Riggs		Finished	N/A	0
6.  Joe Riggs - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
7.	Indigo Lane		Finished		0
7.  Indigo Lane - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
8.	Ben Clarke		Finished		0
8.  Ben Clarke - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
9.	Tyler Langton		Finished		0
9.  Tyler Langton - Points: 0 | Status: Finished

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Veteran - Results
1.	Joe Bishop		Finished		0
1.  Joe Bishop - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
2.	Andrew Titley		Finished	Veteran	34
2.  Andrew Titley - Points: 34 | Status: Finished | Category: Veteran
3.	Oliver Jones		Finished	Veteran	0
3.  Oliver Jones - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Veteran
4.	Giles Austing		Finished	Veteran	26
4.  Giles Austing - Points: 26 | Status: Finished | Category: Veteran
5.	Rhys Wheeler		Finished		0
5.  Rhys Wheeler - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
6.	Michal Domaradzki		Finished	Veteran	20
6.  Michal Domaradzki - Points: 20 | Status: Finished | Category: Veteran
7.	Paul Tambini		Finished	N/A	0
7.  Paul Tambini - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: N/A
8.	Richard Copson		Finished		0
8.  Richard Copson - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
9.	Stuart Phillips		Finished		0
9.  Stuart Phillips - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
10.	Craig Howarth		Finished		0
10.  Craig Howarth - Points: 0 | Status: Finished

Position	Name	Club name	Rider status	Category	Points
Youth - Results
1.	Ellot Smith		Finished		0
1.  Ellot Smith - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
2.	James Trowbridge		Finished	Youth	34
2.  James Trowbridge - Points: 34 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
3.	James Weeks		Finished	Youth	30
3.  James Weeks - Points: 30 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
4.	Harry Bowden		Finished		0
4.  Harry Bowden - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
5.	Finley Whittle		Finished	Youth	23
5.  Finley Whittle - Points: 23 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
6.	Aiden Tappin		Finished	Youth	20
6.  Aiden Tappin - Points: 20 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
7.	Archie Webber		Finished	Youth	18
7.  Archie Webber - Points: 18 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
8.	Toby Grindle		Finished	Youth	16
8.  Toby Grindle - Points: 16 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
9.	vince longstaff		Finished		0
9.  vince longstaff - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
10.	Dylan Kelman-McCarthy		Finished	Youth	12
10.  Dylan Kelman-McCarthy - Points: 12 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
11.	Dexter Bryan		Finished		0
11.  Dexter Bryan - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
12.	Morgan Farr		Finished		0
12.  Morgan Farr - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
13.	Jamie Home		Finished	Youth	8
13.  Jamie Home - Points: 8 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
14.	Adam Wells		Finished	Youth	7
14.  Adam Wells - Points: 7 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
15.	Robin Shipp		Finished	Youth	6
15.  Robin Shipp - Points: 6 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
16.	Byron Roddrick		Finished		0
16.  Byron Roddrick - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
17.	Layton Price		Finished		0
17.  Layton Price - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
18.	Elliot Tilling		Finished		0
18.  Elliot Tilling - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
19.	Finlay LAW		Finished		0
19.  Finlay LAW - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
20.	Angus Granger		Finished		0
20.  Angus Granger - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
21.	Edward Wheeler		Finished		0
21.  Edward Wheeler - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
22.	Harason Baum		Finished	Youth	0
22.  Harason Baum - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
23.	Blake Toomey		Finished	Youth	0
23.  Blake Toomey - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
24.	Jake Webb		Finished		0
24.  Jake Webb - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
25.	Riley Brain		Finished	Youth	0
25.  Riley Brain - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
26.	Rudy Duke		Finished		0
26.  Rudy Duke - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
27.	Rhys Mason		Finished		0
27.  Rhys Mason - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
28.	Harlan Quelch		Finished		0
28.  Harlan Quelch - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
29.	Logan Hemming		Finished	Youth	0
29.  Logan Hemming - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
30.	Seb Sharpe		Finished		0
30.  Seb Sharpe - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
31.	Joseph Jones		Finished		0
31.  Joseph Jones - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
32.	Ollie Richards		Finished		0
32.  Ollie Richards - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
33.	Kieran Dunleavy		Finished	Youth	0
33.  Kieran Dunleavy - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
34.	Henry lowe		Finished		0
34.  Henry lowe - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
35.	Seth Hathaway		Finished		0
35.  Seth Hathaway - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
36.	Archie Mottram		Finished		0
36.  Archie Mottram - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
37.	Jamie Bond		Finished	Youth	0
37.  Jamie Bond - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
38.	William Lewis		Finished		0
38.  William Lewis - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
39.	Oliver Miles		Finished	Youth	0
39.  Oliver Miles - Points: 0 | Status: Finished | Category: Youth
40.	Finley Manuel		Finished		0
40.  Finley Manuel - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
41.	Jack Thomas		Finished		0
41.  Jack Thomas - Points: 0 | Status: Finished
42.	Elliott Llewellyn		Finished		0
42.  Elliott Llewellyn - Points: 0 | Status: Finished

Info for Riders

Registration open at 8am on the day of the race.  

Practice will be open from 9am until around 11.30am.

Everyone must complete at least 2 practice runs on the day of the race.  Full faced helmets are compulsory.